Urinary Tract Tumor

Urothelial carcinomas can sometimes form in different areas in the bladder as well as in the lining of the kidney the ureters and urethra. Cancer that starts in the urothelium is called urothelial or.

Frontiers Targeting Urothelial Tumors Of Upper Urinary Tract With Drug Eluting Stents Impregnated By Supercritical Fluids

A tumor of the urinary tract could involve the kidneys ureters the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder urinary bladder prostate gland in males and urethra the tube that carries urine from the bladder to.

Urinary tract tumor. Patients with bladder cancer are more likely to get upper urinary tract kidney and ureter tumors that arise from the inner lining of these organs and share a common origin with bladder tumors. Urothelial neoplasms can occur in all of these organs but 90 are in the urinary bladder. Urinary tract cancer can involve the bladder most common renal pelvis ureters and urethra rare.

Staging systems are less well defined than for other malignancies but analogous to the bladder TMN system. The normal bladder wall consists of several tissue layers the distinction of which is critical for bladder cancer staging. I- renal cell carcinoma It originates from renal tubular epithelium and hence is located in the cortex.

Upper urinary tract tumors include the same pathologic types as those of the bladder. 13 rows About Urinary Tract Tumors An abnormal growth of body tissue in the urinary tract. Like MRIs CT scans require the patient to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel.

1 a Renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma TCC arrow appearing as a central soft-tissue mass in the echogenic renal sinus at US. Conventional x-rays involve some exposure to ionizing radiation a type of radiation strong enough to damage some cells. Upper urinary tract tumors rank third 5 after colon 63 and endometrial 9 cancer within the group of HNPCC related tumors.

The risk of upper urinary tract recurrence depends on the stage and grade of the initial disease and the response of the tumor to BCG. Transitional cell carcinoma urinary tract Transitional cell carcinoma TCC also called urothelial cell carcinoma UCC is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length from the renal pelvis to the bladder. The most common histological type or urinary tract cancer is urothelial cancer.

Cancer in the ureters makes up about a quarter of all upper urinary tract cancers. A urinary tract tumor is a type of cancer that develops from the disorganized uncontrolled growth of cells that make up the urinary system. The clinical challenge is early detection and adequate follow-up because recurrence is high and delayed diagnosis is associated with poor prognosis.

Tumors of the renal calyces renal pelvis and ureters start in the layer of tissue that lines the bladder and the upper urinary tract called the urothelium. Tumors of the lower urinary tract are more common than renal cancer. CT scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional images.

B The same case examined by intravenous excretory urography revealing multiple filling defects arrows on renal pelvis. Two common x-ray procedures used for urinary tract imaging include. Urothelium is present in the kidney pelvis ureters urinary bladder and the urethra.

CT scans can help identify stones in the urinary tract infections cysts tumors and traumatic injury to the kidneys and ureters. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are encountered rarer. Click to see full answer.

Evaluate prognostic information of anatomical location in patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma UTTCC. Tumors may be papillary or nodular muscle invasive or noninvasive. The predominant urinary tract malignancy is bladder cancer.

Urinary tract cancers are common and comprise a gamut of lesions ranging from small benign tumors to aggressive neoplasms with high mortality. These include specific urological malignancies most notably tumors of the upper urinary tract which have been reported to occur at a rate x22 higher than the general population. Transmural tumor growth pT3 or pT4 was less common in distally located tumors 33.

Urinary Tract Tumors Fig. X-rays of the urinary tract can help highlight and monitor a kidney stone or tumor that could be blocking the flow of urine and causing pain. The kidneys and urinary tract can be a site of both benign and malignant tumors as discussed in the sections below.

Having cancer in the lining of any part of the urinary tract puts you at higher risk of having another cancer either in the same spot as. Retrospective analysis of 149 upper tract transitional cell carcinoma UTTCC patients from a single institute treated surgically between 1988 and 2003. What is a urinary tract tumor.

Ocd Symptoms Test

The brief quiz below can help determine if you behave in a way that demonstrates a tendency toward OCD. Answer the questions completely and honestly.

Chapter 3 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Ocd Ppt Video Online Download

Please read each question carefully and indicate how often you have experienced the same or.

Ocd symptoms test. Take a Superstitious OCD Test Hypochondria Test or Health OCD Test. Intrusive and unwanted thoughts as well as images and urges may cause distress or anxiety in the person with OCD. Answer each question by checking the appropriate answer.

There are a number of treatment options for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder based on your unique symptoms and needs. A person suffering with OCD may obsess about germs or safety and find relief from the associated anxiety only when performing rituals such as repetitive hand. This is a screening measure to help you determine whether you might have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD that needs professional attention.

1459 North Main Street Suite 100 Bountiful Utah 84010. Before you begin the test read the following definitions and examples of Obsessions and Compulsions Take The OCD Test. This screening tool is not designed to make a diagnosis of OCD but to be shared with your primary care physician or mental health professional to inform further conversations about diagnosis and treatment.

At any time please call to speak to a treatment specialist at 866 644-7911 to learn more. The questions are designed to analyse the likelihood of. This test has a total of 38 subtypes of OCD.

1 Like most mental health conditions there is no blood test or imaging study to confirm a diagnosis. Take this OCD symptoms test to find out. Does Everyone with OCD Have the Same Symptoms.

Additionally we also offer a OCD Subtype Test which will help identify what type of OCD you could be suffering from. Feel free to fill out our easy form for a quick analysis of your current symptoms. The second four are concerned with compulsions you might be experiencing.

Could You Have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD often have difficulty with some of the following activities. The test consists of eight questions which relate to common OCD symptoms.

The first four questions relate to thought symptoms. Ruminating about an obsession. Take The OCD Subtype Test.

Counting while completing tasks to end on a good or safe number. Patients with OCD do not exhibit the same symptoms because there are five categories of OCD. OCD and any OCD symptoms will vary from person to person.

Your responses should reflect the way you feel now not the way youd like to feel. Remember it is never too late to seek help. Imagine the way parasitic vines suck the life out of a healthy tree this is how religious OCD interacts with your spirituality.

A hoarder is someone who is not capable of making decisions regarding what to throw away and keep. South Jordan Utah 84095. Some people have attempted to escape the negative feelings of scrupulosity by declaring themselves nonreligious or atheist.

Adults with OCD can end up performing the following compulsive behaviors. Take a Rumination OCD Test or a Mental Compulsion Test. This self-rating scale is designed to assess the severity and type of OCD symptoms in patients with OCD.

Stress can bring on symptoms in those predisposed to OCD. He or she feels compelled to perform certain behaviors to lessen their suppressed thoughts distress and anxiety. Have you been feeling symptoms of OCD.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD a psychiatric disorder characterized by obsessive distressful thoughts and compulsive ritualistic behaviorscan be diagnosed by either a primary care provider or mental health professional. Praying to prevent harm. Scrupulosity can leave you feeling exhausted spiritually drained guilty and full of doubt.

Symptom Tests Self-Test Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults. Mentally reviewing events to prevent harm. 11260 River Heights Drive.

Mental illnesses are personal thus so are the treatments. Use the results to help decide if you need to see a doctor or other mental health professional to further discuss diagnosis and treatment of OCD. The OCD test will function like a OCD inventory looking for thoughts actions and emotions that align with the typical signs of OCD.

Below is a list of questions that relate to life experiences common among people who have been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder OCD. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Screening Quiz Use this brief screening measure to help you determine if you might need to see a mental health.

What Is A Good Blood Pressure Rating

The American Academy of Cardiology defines high blood pressure slightly differently. The AAC considers 13080 mm Hg.

Understanding Blood Pressure Readings American Heart Association

Numbers higher than these indicate high blood pressure or hypertension.

What is a good blood pressure rating. If either one of those numbers is higher you have high blood pressure. Your blood pressure reading is healthy. Why Does Blood Pressure Increase With Age.

Blood pressure numbers of less than 12080 mm Hg are considered within the normal range. Under normal circumstances blood pressure reading for women as well as men should be 12080 mm Hg. If your results fall into this category stick with heart-healthy habits like.

If you are in the elevated category you are likely to develop higher blood pressure and you should start making lifestyle changes to prevent higher blood pressure now. 9060mmHg up to 12080mmHg ideal blood pressure Also called normal blood pressure. Includes American Heart AssociationAmerican College of Cardiology guidelines for clinical accuracy it is a highly-rated around-the-arm blood pressure monitor Best On-the-Go.

In younger children the normal range for blood pressure is determined by the childs sex age and height. While a normal blood pressure reading is 12080 or lower a high systolic reading is cause for concern. Normal blood pressure for men over 50 is 11681 to 16291.

Prehypertension occurs when the systolic reading is between 130 and 139 and the diastolic reading is between 80 and 89. If your systolic blood pressure is 120-139 it means your blood pressure is normal but is higher than ideal. Relax Here is a blood pressure chart by age to help you find out the normal range that you should achieve for good health.

Following a healthy lifestyle will help you to keep it in the healthy range. However more and more doctors have now lowered these numbers to 11575. The normal range is expressed as a percentile similar to charts used to track childrens growth.

9060mmHg or lower you may have low blood pressure. Blood pressure is different for everyone as many factors can have an effect on the numbers. Overall older adults should aim for lower blood pressure numbers but a blood pressure reading of 9060 mm Hg or lower is considered too low hypotension.

Withings BPM Connect at Best Buy. For a normal reading your blood pressure needs to show a top number systolic pressure thats between 90 and less than 120 and a bottom number diastolic pressure thats. What Is Normal Blood Pressure.

Now you may know 12080 mm Hg is the ideal reading. It is not that high but it still puts you at a greater risk of developing heart disease. If you are in the normal category you do not need any treatment but you should stick to a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise routine.

Or greater either number stage 1 hypertension. A blood pressure reading with a systolic measurement under 120 and a diastolic measurement below 80 is considered normal and readings outside this range are considered abnormal. The normal blood pressure for adolescents 13 years or older is less than 12080 mmHg.

If your systolic reading is consistently above 135 and your diastolic reading is above 85 you very likely have hypertension or high blood pressure. Hypertension is a major contributing factor in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. However there are various factors that affect the average numbers one should own.

Normal blood pressure is a systolic reading thats equal to or less than 120 and a diastolic reading equal to or less than 80. At this level you have a much lower risk of heart disease and stroke. If your blood pressure levels are higher than normal the first step to improve your levels is to understand the contents of the high blood pressure chartThere are several components.

Excessively low blood pressure may cause dizziness or fainting and increase the risk of falls. Your systolic blood pressure is considered normal if it is 120 or below. For years we have been told that a normal blood pressure reading is 12080.

Omron Platinum Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor at Amazon. The guidelines now state that blood normal blood pressure is 12080 mmHg. Abnormally high or low blood pressure can have serious repercussions on ones health which is why blood pressure must be monitored at regular intervals.

Normal blood pressure readings may be lower in children and teenagers according to Mayo Clinic. Normal Blood Pressure The first is the normal blood pressure reading which is ideally 120 systolic pressure over 80 diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is the amount of pressure exerted by the flowing blood against blood vessel walls.

AHA now recognizes five blood pressure ranges and categories. This is the reason to have a normal blood pressure in men over 50 years old.

Iga Nephropathy Treatment

A health care provider may prescribe medications to. Calliditas Therapeutics Apr 23 2021 0255 ET.

Management And Treatment Of Glomerular Diseases Part 2 Conclusions From A Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Kdigo Controversies Conference Kidney International

How well you can handle specific medicines procedures or therapies.

Iga nephropathy treatment. Immunoglobulin A IgA nephropathy is a common form of glomerulonephritis which despite use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockers and immu. Once the kidneys are scarred they cannot be repaired. T cell cytokines such as APRIL promote B cell class switch to IgA1-producing plasma cells.

A Mucosal IgA production by plasma cells occurs by T celldependent and independent processes. Fellström BC Barratt J Cook H et al. Understanding the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy reveals therapeutic targets.

Your opinion or preference. If you have IgA nephropathy you should have regular tests for kidney health. Your overall health and past health.

Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011. Enteric budesonide targeted to the ileocecal region ameliorates proteinuria. Renal transplantation in patients with IgA N has excellent patient and graft survival.

New treatments options for IgA nephropathy include drugs targeting BAFF a B-cell factor crucial for IgA synthesis or targeting the complement system and also the possibility of acting directly on the deposited IgA by selective protease digestion. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled phase 2b trial. Read general information about kidney transplant here.

How long the condition is expected to last. Researchers have not yet found a specific cure for IgA nephropathy. Using the power of the patient community we are focused on funding research using patient advocacy to empower our patients and building a network of support.

Loss of renal function and even graft loss occur over prolonged periods of ti. EMA Grants Accelerated Assessment Procedure for Nefecon for the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy News provided by. The IgA Nephropathy Foundations mission is to be a patient-centric organization focused on finding a cure for IgA Nephropathy.

Tonsillectomy is a controversial treatment for IgA nephropathy. Therefore the ultimate goal of IgA nephropathy treatment is to prevent or delay end-stage kidney disease. While IgA nephropathy is a lifelong disease for most people it doesnt progress to anything serious.

What is the treatment for IgA nephropathy. Inhibitors of these cytokines are potential therapeutic targets. Despite supportive measures that slow the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease in IgA nephropathy IgAN many patients still progress to end stage kidney disease.

Currently employed immunosuppressive strategies lack conclusive efficacy data while there is evidence for treatment emergent toxicity. Targeted-release budesonide versus placebo in patients with IgA nephropathy NEFIGAN. Patients may present at any age but there is a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life.

Tonsillectomy may limit the production of degalactosylated IgA1 by reducing. Kidney Transplant in IgA Nephropathy A portion of the patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy will eventually progress to renal failure. How sick you are.

Fortunately kidney transplant is a treatment option for these patients. Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment based on. New treatment for IgA nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy affects millions of people worldwide. There is approximately a 21 male-to-female predominance in North American and Western European. IgA nephropathy is the most common lesion found to cause primary glomerulonephritis throughout most developed countries of the world 1-8.

How old you are. There is no cure for IgA nephropathy but treatments can help to prevent more damage to your kidneys. Treatment typically involves controlling.

There is a high rate of recurrence of the primary glomerulopathy in the renal allograft and this event is by no means inconsequential.

Gateway Drugs List

Download the pdf version of the drug list. COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary.

The Real Gateway Drug

This document contains information about the drugs we cover in these plans.

Gateway drugs list. SM HMO SNP This formulary is current as of April 1 2021. Enrollment in these plans depends on contract renewal. A study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine in 2011 found that rodents given nicotine-laced water early in their development demonstrated enhanced responses to cocaine later.

The three most commonly suggested gateway drugs are marijuana alcohol and cigarettes. What is worse the younger the age of the individual trying alcohol as their gateway drug the more likely that individual would go on to try multiple illicit substances throughout life. List of Covered Drugs PLEASE READ.

Teenagers who engage in early smoking drinking have higher chance of using and experimenting with dangerous drugs of abuse. Alcohol marijuana and nicotine are commonly talked about as gateway drugs. Beer wine and liquor of various types are among the most widely consumed beverages in the United States and they are also some of the most commonly used drugs.

Alcohol and tobacco are the only two remaining items on the DARE. If you go to the programs website youll see marijuana is no longer listed as a gateway drug which by definition is A drug that opens the door to the use of other harder drugs. Alcohol is considered to be the first gateway drug with which most adolescents experiment first.

The info presented here shows that legal substances can pose a major risk of addiction. Sometimes it can lead to the use of harder more dangerous drugs. The researchers suggest that these factors explain nicotines potential as a gateway drug for a number of other drugs of abuse including alcohol cocaine heroin etc.

For more recent information. Both products are legal globally despite the fact that scientists and researchers have proven both are extremely more dangerous than marijuana. Copyright HarperCollins Publishers.

These three substances are readily available to our youth. In recent years illicit opioids prescription drugs and other common substances have joined the category. Some Gateway Health plans have a contract with Medicaid in the states where they are offered.

Just as with tobacco alcohol is a socially acceptable gateway drug that serves as the starting point for. Why do you think cigarettes and alcohol are considered gateway drugs. A gateway drug is a drug such as marijuana that is believed by some people to lead to the use of more harmful drugs such as heroin or cocaine.

Gateway Health offers HMO plans with a Medicare Contract. In themselves they are subject to abuse and do become addictive. Download the Drug List for Diamond and Ruby Plans.

PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE Gateway Drugs 2. The Washington Post reported on a study that found 54 percent of high school seniors identified alcohol as the first substance they tried out of alcohol marijuana and tobacco. Merriam-Webster defines a gateway drug as A drug such as alcohol or marijuana whose use is thought to lead to the use of and dependence on a harder drug such as cocaine or heroin Gateway drugs are generally habit forming drugs.

GATEWAY DRUGS Are legal drugs that a non-drug user might try which can lead himher to more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu. We highlight alcohol prescription opioids and marijuana as the most common gateway drugs. This is to show just how dangerous some substances can be.

Gateway drugs 1. Gateway Health Medicare Assured Diamond SM HMO SNP Gateway Health Medicare Assured Ruby.

Difference Between Seizure And Convulsion

3A convulsion is often the first diagnosis given to a patient until the time that a seizure disorder has been established. A person with epilepsy can have more than one type of seizure.

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We all have a 10 percent chance of suffering from a seizure and that risk increases if youve suffered a stroke or brain injury.

Difference between seizure and convulsion. Seizure and convulsion are two medical terms that are often confused with one another. However not everyone who has a seizure will have epilepsy. Seizures or convulsion are symptoms of Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a condition where there are either multiple seizures or convulsions over time. Many people often use convulsions and seizures interchangeably without realizing that both are different conditions. A seizure is the medical term for a fit or convulsion.

Seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy but they can also be caused by a number of other events. Usually seizure activity lasts for few seconds to minutes. There are many different types of seizures and the symptoms of a seizure depend on where in the.

A convulsion is a type of seizure. However sometimes it can last longer which is called status epilepticus. Convulsions can also occur during epileptic seizures but many experience convulsions even if they do not have epilepsy.

What is the Difference Between Seizure and Convulsion. A seizure the medical term for a fit or convulsion occurs when there is a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain temporarily interfering with the normal messaging processes. There are many types of seizures.

The brain affects the whole of the body and so where the seizure occurs in. The signs of a seizure depend on the type of seizure. Nonepileptic seizures are seizures brought on by situations that arent related to epilepsy.

But a single seizure doesnt mean you have epilepsy. Sometimes people think of the word convulsion as related to people whose sugar drops down too low and they have a jerking fit or when they get whacked in the head and they have a few jerks after getting whacked in the head. Sometimes it is hard to tell when a person is having a seizure.

A seizure is an aberrant electrical discharge on the surface of the brain which may involve loss of consciousness or not as well as involuntary movement or not. They both mean the same thing. A seizure happens when theres an abnormal electrical discharge in your brain.

For example seizure activity can lead to abnormal motor activity or convulsions loss of consciousness sensory abnormalities etc. Convulsions involve uncontrollable shaking but if you have a seizure you can simply feel confused without a physical reaction. Convulsions can involve diffuse brain areas and have multiple muscle activities while seizures can happen without convulsions.

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain. Seizure vs Convulsion Seizures which are also known as fits can be defined as the occurrence of symptoms and signs due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. In simple partial seizures the convulsions are limited to one area of the body or patients may experience unusual feelings or sensations.

Convulsion is a form of seizures its occurrence can be for a single time. Kohli describes epilepsy diagnosis and treatment in detail explaining who is most at risk signs and symptoms of a seizure and advanced treatment optionsShe outlines the types of seizures and defines the relationship between epilepsy and other conditions such as anxiety panic attacks and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. If you have a seizureconvulsion then it doesnt mean that you have epilepsy.

Convulsions can be described as a series of jerky muscle movements. Seizures involve bursts of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures and convulsions are different entities.

Convulsions are one symptom of seizures seen frequently but not always. Electrical activity happens constantly in our brains and controls movements and bodily functions. You might easily appear to be staring at.

Most people use these two terms interchangeably without knowing which is which. 2Seizures involve the abnormal or rapid neuronal activity of the brain while convulsions are characterized by abnormal or involuntary muscle contractions or jerky muscle movements. People are diagnosed with epilepsy when they have had two or more seizures.

So the word convulsion and the word seizure theyre really the same word. Epilepsy is a neurological condition it happens when abnormal electrical activity occurs inside the brain which causes chronic seizures regularly. One in twenty people will have a seizure at some point in their lives.

A convulsion causes rigidity and uncontrolled muscle spasms that typically last a few minutes. A convulsion describes a certain type of seizure one that includes loss of consciousness and involuntary movement on both sides of the body. In this podcast Dr.

Not all seizures are characterized by convulsions.

Tourette Syndrome Relaxation Techniques

Work with the child to select relaxation strategies that work for him. Then relax the breath and shake your hands and arms.

Introduction To Tourette Syndrome

Tics can be modulated by environmental factors and are characteristically exacerbated by psychological stress among other factors.

Tourette syndrome relaxation techniques. Relaxation training hypnosis andor relaxation with mental imagery yoga and mindfulness based stress reduction. Video footage shows suppression of Tourettes motor tics using rhythmic pulses. We know that mindfulness and meditation can be of great benefit to people but it is a challenge for those with movement disorders such as Tourette Syndrome.

Inhale through your nose hold the breath for 5 seconds Exhale through puckered lips. A wrist strap directs a current to a key nerve in the wrist to suppress movements. High pitched scream Ignore and wear ear plugs if necessary.

Using a clinical psychology formulation model guest blogger Dr Seonaid Anderson a Psychologist and research manager for Tourettes Action explains the thinking behind the creation of the first guided mindful relaxation available which is designed specifically for people with tics or Tourettes Syndrome. According to a study published by the University of Miguel Hernández it has the possibility of effectively treating Tourettes syndrome without requiring drugs. This method consists of different stages and involves increasing awareness of tics to identify them.

Tourette syndrome TS is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics often associated with co-morbid behavioural problems. One of the techniques within behavior therapy is habit reversal. A Calming Box in a designated area of the class.

Carry information on TS eg. Common tics are blinking coughing throat clearing sniffing and facial movements. Studies using behavioural interventions that were not predominantly based on muscular relaxation were excluded as well as.

Coughing Try to support neck during coughing fits. Spelling Your Name with Belly Breaths. Tourette syndrome is a type of neurological disorder characterised by involuntary tics and repetitive vocalisations.

The relaxation therapies included were those in which individuals were taught a specific relaxation technique by a clinician or expert. Tourettes Action wanted to help people with TS overcome barriers to practicing mindfulness and this is why we have just created the first guided relaxation which is designed specifically for tics called At ease with your tics. Ask GP about simple linctuses to soothe throat.

Tourettes Action ID card. When a child with Tourettes also has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder cognitive behavioral therapy is used. Treatment can include medication relaxation techniques and psychotherapy.

Relaxation strategies that can be taught and practiced in the school setting include. Tourette syndrome or Tourettes syndrome abbreviated as TS or Tourettes is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. Immediately lie on your back and do the following breathing exercise.

Youll receive counseling with other people in. Help children with coprolalia to formulate a way of explaining the symptom to others. It is characterized by multiple movement motor tics and at least one vocal phonic tic.

Other treatment methods used include habit reversal training or relaxation techniques such as meditation biofeedback yoga or other forms of exercise. There are many child-friendly meditation apps. Relaxation training in the treatment of tics in children with TS.

Relaxation training is broadly defined to include a variety of different procedures such as progressive muscle relaxation deep breathing visual imagery autogenic training ie repetition statements suggesting a relaxed. Although there is currently no cure for Tourette syndrome TS CBIT is a behavioral alternative that can help manage tics and give individuals an active role in their treatment. The cause is unknown but theories include genetic factors bacterial infection and neurochemical abnormalities.

You may find group therapy helpful.